European Union's State Development Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

European Union's State Development - Case Study Example (Boromisa 2004).A thorough knowledge of the impacts of the monitoring and evaluation of the candidate countries is indispensable for a the success of the upcoming talks in 2009 for Croatia.This is because the progress of the candidate countries is monitored and evaluated regularly once a year by the European Commission and its main findings are published in Regular Reports.Even after the candidates are have signed the Accession treaty they are still monitored.This evident from the recent "Monitoring Report of the European Commission on the State of Preparedness for EU Membership of the Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia" (European Commission, 2004c).When Croatia was given the candidate status it was stated by the European Council at Brussels stated that "The European Councilconfirms that the negotiations will be based on Croatia's own merits and that the pace of accession will depend solely on Croatia's progress in meeting the requirements for membership". (European Commission, 2004c).As it can be seen that Croatian candidature was already dependent upon the evaluation of its functioning of the ideals of liberty, democracy and human rights (parliament, executive, judiciary). A stable political and economic system is thus the key to Croatia's success in achieving the timely membership of the EU.For Croatia then the ultimate integration into the EU will means inclusion into the internal market, i.e. free movement of goods, persons, services and capital. (Boromisa, A. and Miki, M., 2003).Also there will be an impact upon the trade patterns followed by the removal of trade barriers (e.g. tariffs, quotas, voluntary export restrictions) and harmonization of policies (e.g. agriculture, competition, trade and industrial).Finally there will also be a multilateralization of individual free trade agreements which will require substantial adjustments to the local investment policy and regulation. It also has to be taken into account that there is a risk of delays in the ratification procedure rises with the number of the EU member.states vying for EU membership increasing. (Boromisa, A. and Miki, M., 2003). Also Croatia might have to deal with some politically tough decisions which may form the basis for the requirements for the EU like decreased public expenditure. (Frederik Sorensen 2001 ) .Current issues faced by the EU include the controversy relating to open skies agreements, and state investor disputes. The issue of Open Skies recently created many headlines and in the context of Croatian membership it can be seen that the matter is no longer economical or legal. The issue is purely political. (Frederik Sorensen 2001 ). This became a tug of war that took place between EU and USA authorities over the recent Open Skies Agreement. The Agreement aims to liberalise transatlantic airspace yet European transport Ministers were reluctant to agree to it at first as they felt it gave the US an unfair advantage over European interests and its

Assginment due 1 aug Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assginment due 1 aug - Assignment Example Retirement means a different thing to almost every person who chooses to retire. The reasons for retirement, the age of retirement, and the financial health of the individual are all relevant to the decision. What one choses to do after retirement will have an effect on the health of the individual as they choose to be more sedentary or choose to pursue activities (Miller, 2010). Comparing two people who have gone into retirement at different times of life and for different number of years since retirement shows that the experience has some commonalities to general statistics, but is unique for how the individuals feel about their experience and how they have approached the event. In looking at the retirement of Cathy and Kim, the event reveals some conclusions about how to approach retirement while also expressing how the experience is individual. Cathy is a retired teacher who entered into retirement four years ago. She entered teaching because of the incentives that were being given at the time and was happy to retire early, her pension and saving providing for enough of a nest egg that she could afford to retire at the age of 52. She felt that she had given her best to teaching and had come to a place where she no longer had the same kind of enthusiasm for the profession that had once been a source of energy for her as she had enlightened students. One of her favorite moments with a student had been to see that light go on in their eyes as they came to an understanding that they had not previously had before she had given them that knowledge. That moment had not been bringing her the same kind of fulfillment and she felt it was time to move on to other pursuits. She did not really feel retired, but more that she had entered a new phase in her life. She did not really miss teaching as she had continued to teach as a volunteer, providing art instruction at a school district where budget cuts had eliminated the art education. Cathy

History of Tobacco Laws

History of Tobacco Laws Coffins of Black In 1775, Percivall Pott, a surgeon at St. Bartholomews Hospital in England, noticed a marked rise in cases of scrotal cancer in his clinic. His patients were mostly chimney sweeps, who spent a lot of time in contact with grime and ash. He noted that the minute invisible particle of soot could be found under their skin for days, and that scrotal cancer bust out of a superficial skin wound called a soot wart. Based on these observations, Pitt suspected that it was the chimney soot that caused the scrotal cancers. That would mean that the cancer was potentially preventable. But removing the carcinogen was perhaps difficult to achieve. But with the embarrassing plight of chimney sweeps exposed, social reformers sought to create laws to regulate the occupation. The Chimney Sweepers Act was passed in 1788 to prevent master sweeps from using children under eight. In 1834, the age was increased to fourteen. By 1875, the use of young climbing boys was forbidden. In 1761, an amateur scientist in London, John Hill, claimed that he had found one carcinogen tabacco could cause lip, mouth, and throat cancer. In England, tobacco was rapidly escalating into a national addiction. Cigarette smoking soon spread through Europe and across the Atlantic to the United States. As cigarette consumption became a national addiction, it would be difficult to discern an association with cancer. The Emperors Nylon Stockings In the United Kingdom, government statisticians alerted the Ministry of Health in January 1947 that an unexpected epidemic of lung cancer was emerging in the country: Lung cancer morbidity had increased fifteen-fold in the prior two decades. In February, the ministry asked the Medical Research Council to organize a conference of experts to study this inexplicable rise of lung cancer rates and to find the cause. The experts at the conference pointed to every breathable form of toxin except cigarette smoke. Without any consensus, the council appointed Austin Bradford Hill, an eminent biostatistician, to devise a systematic study to identify the risk factor for lung cancer. Hill recruited Richard Doll, a 36-year-old medical researcher who had no experience in performing a study of this scale. *** In the United States, a medical student name Ernst Wynder encountered a case of 42-year-old man who died of cancer of the airways of the lung. The man was a smoker with tar-stained bronchi and soot-blackened lungs. Wynder had never seen such a case before, so he applied to the medical school for money to study the connection between smoking and lung cancer. But he was bluntly told that the effort would be futile. He wrote to the U.S. Surgeon General, but was told that he could prove nothing. So Wynder approached his mentor Evarts Graham, the great heart surgeon in St Louis. Graham was a heavy smoker and didnt believe the connection between cancer and smoking. But he agreed to help Wynder with the study in part to disprove the link and lay the issue at rest. The Case-Control Studies In St Louis, Wynder and Graham followed a simple method. They recruited a group of lung cancer patients and a control group without cancer and asked them about their smoking habits. They used smokers to nonsmokers ratio within each group to determine the smoking-cancer connection. In the UK, Doll and Hill followed a similar method in their study. They asked social workers in the hospital to interview the two groups of patients in and around London. To counteract biases, they included other questions such as how often they eat fried fish into the survey. By May 1, 1948, the result of their study was: The one and only statistical association with lung cancer was cigarette smoking. They published their study in September 1956. Meanwhile, Wynder and Graham in St Louis had also arrived at the same conclusion. The published their studies a few months earlier. The Prospective Cohort Study It might appear that Doll, Hill, Wynder and Graham proved the link between lung cancer and smoking. But they had proved something else. In a case-control study, the risk is estimated post hoc by asking lung cancer patients whether they had smoked. The interviewer could have unconsciously probed lung cancer patients about their smoking habits more aggressively than control group. In the early 1940s, an Oxford geneticist named Edmund Ford faced a similar notion. The solution was to follow a cohort to capture the change over time. Doll and Hill followed Fords work with deep interest. There was a centralized registry of all doctors in Britain that could be used for a cohort study. Every time a doctor in the registry died, the registrar was noticed with a detail description of the cause of death. On October 31, 1951, Doll and Hill sent out survey letters to about 60,000 doctors. About 41,000 of them responded. Doll and Hill used the data to create a master list, dividing it into smokers and nonsmokers. Each time a death was reported, they found out the cause of death from the registrars office. Between October 1951 and March 1954, 789 deaths were reported, and 36 were attributed to lung cancer. All these 36 deaths had occurred in the smokers category, showing a strong correlation between lung cancer and cigarette smoking. A thief in the Night In 1956, the percentage of smokers in the US adult population had reached an all-time peak of 45 percent. Cigarette sales had climbed to stratospheric heights and the tobacco industry had transformed their advertising by targeting their advertising to selected segments of the population. By the early 1960s, an average American consumed eleven cigarettes per day, nearly one for each waking hour. In the mid-1950s, public health organizations in America were undisturbed by the link between tobacco and cancer. But the tobacco industry was worried that the link would scare consumers away. In 1953, three years before Dolls prospective study was public, the heads of several tobacco companies met in New York to prepare a counterattack. They saturated the news media in 1954 with an advertisement titled A Frank Statement, obfuscating facts and creating doubts about the connection between lung cancer and tobacco. They had already formed a committee called Tobacco Industry Research Committee (TIRC) to act as an intermediary between the hostile academy, the embattled tobacco industry, and the confused consumer. The director of the committee was Clarence Cook Little, who the Laskerites had deposed as president of ASCC. Little was a strong proponent that lung cancer was hereditary. Studies had shown a strong correlation between smoking and lung cancer. But correlation, Little argued, could not be equated with cause. To counter that argument, Bradford Hill prepared a list of nine criteria that could prove a causal relationship. No single item in that list proved causality, but scientists could pick criteria from the list to strengthen or weaken the causal relationship. In the February 1957, Evart Graham died from bilateral bronchogenic carcinoma. Two weeks before he died, Graham wrote to his friend Alton Ochsner: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦bilateral bronchogenic carcinoma sneaked up on me like a thief in the nightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦You know I quit smoking more than five years ago, but the trouble is that I smoked for 50 years. In 1954, in a book entitled Smoking and Cancer, Graham had wondered whether it was time for the US Public Health Service to at least issue a statement of warning. A Statement of Warning In the summer of 1963, a team of three men visited the laboratory of Oscar Auerbach in East Orange, New Jersey. Oscar Auerbach was a lung pathologist who believed that cancer grew from a precursor lesion precancer to its full-blown form slowly, and methodically, over a long period of time. Long before lung cancer became symptomatic, he found, the lung tissues contained layers of precancerous lesions in various stages of development. He had recently completed a monumental study comparing lung specimens of nonsmokers and smokers, which was considered a landmark in the understanding of the genesis of lung cancer. The three visitors were William Cochran, Peter Hamill, and Emmanuel Farber. They were three of the ten-member advisory committee appointed by the US surgeon general. The   mandate (of the committee) was to review the evidence connecting tobacco to cancer so that the surgeon general could issue an official report. US Surgeon Generals Report In 1961, the American Cancer Society, the National Tuberculosis Association and the American Heart Association had sent a joint letter to President Kennedy urging him to appoint a national commission to investigate the link between tobacco and cancer. Kennedy assigned it to his surgeon general, Luther Terry. Terry appointed ten members to his advisory committee. Each member brought insight to a unique piece of the puzzle. Piece by piece, a consistent picture emerged. The committee found the relationship between smoking and lung cancer was one of the strongest in history. Luther Terry released his 387-page report on January 11, 1964. The report was released on a Saturday in part to minimize its effect on the stock market. It was front page news and a leading story on every television and radio stations in the United States and abroad. The FTC Action The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) was a federal agency whose mandate was to regulate advertisements and claims made by various products. Given the link between cigarettes and cancer, as acknowledged by the surgeon generals report, the FTC recommended that cigarette makers would need to acknowledge this directly in advertising their products. The FTC recommended to imprint the message into the product itself. Cigarette packages and all advertisements were to be labeled with Caution: Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Health. It May Cause Death from Cancer and Other Disease. The proposed action from the FTC spread panic through the tobacco industry. Rather than being regulated by the FTC, the tobacco industry voluntarily requested regulation by Congress. In Congress, the FTCs recommendation was diluted as it changed hands from hearing to hearing, leading to an amended bill called the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act (FCLAA) of 1965. It changed the FTCs warning label to Caution: Cigarette smoking may be hazardous to your health. The words cancer, cause, and deaths were removed from the original label. Battle on Cigarette Advertising In late 1966, a young attorney named John Banzhaf asked a local television station to provide airtime for anti-smoking announcements. The station refused. In the summer of 1967, Banzhaf filed a complaint with the FCC. The FCCs fairness doctrine required public media to provide free air time to opposing viewpoints on controversial issues. The FCC announced responded that its fairness doctrine applied to the request for anti-smoking announcements. With the FTC consent, Banzhaf sued the TV station. The suit went to trial in 1968. The court ruled that proportional airtime had to be given to pro-tobacco and anti-tobacco advertising. In February 1969, the FCC announced that they would rigorously police the proportional air time clause.   A barrage of anti-smoking advertisements appeared on television. In late 1970, faced with the daily brunt of negative publicity, tobacco manufacturers voluntarily withdrew cigarette advertising from broadcast media. Lawsuits Against Tobacco Manufacturers Rose Cipollone started smoking when she was a teenager in 1942. She tried to quit, but relapsed later with greater dependency. In her quest for the safe cigarette, she had switched brands and tried new filters periodically. In 1981, Cipollone was diagnosed with lung cancer. By August 1983, the cancer metastasized all over her body. She started chemotherapy, but had a poor response. She died on October 21, 1984 at age 58. Marc Edell, a New Jersey attorney, heard of Cipollones diagnosis in the summer of 1983. He sued for the Cipollones against three tobacco manufacturers whose products Rose had used Liggette, Lorillard, and Philip Morris. In previous lawsuits against the tobacco companies, the tobacco industry had all declared victory. Edell acknowledged that Rose Cipollone had read the warning labels and knew of the risks of smoking. But what matter was what the cigarette manufacturers knew, and how much of the cancer risk they had revealed to consumers. Edell asked the courts for unprecedented access to the internal files of the three tobacco companies. These documents showed that the tobacco companies knew smoking was linked to cancer, and the struggles within the industry to conceal the risks. In 1987, after four long years, the court decided that Rose Cipollone was 80 percent at fault. Only Liggett was liable for the remaining 20 percent, as Rose Cipollone smoked their cigarettes before the 1966 warning labels. Lorillard and Philip Morris got off without punishment. The jury awarded $400,000 in damages to Antonio Cipollone. Lawsuits by the States In 1994, Mississippi was the first state to sue the tobacco industry to recover its public healthcare outlays linked to smoking. Several other states soon followed. Faced with the prospect of defending multiple actions nationwide, the four largest cigarette makers proposed a global agreement in June 1997. In 1998, 46 states signed the Master Settlement Agreement with the four companies. Since 1998, an additional 47 cigarette makers have joined the agreement, making it one of the largest liability settlements in the United States.

Human Resource Management Essay -- Business HR

The Employment relationship is the only reason public and private limited organisations work effectively. The Employment relationship is a fragile tie between an employer â€Å"management† and employee â€Å"worker†. This relationship can be affected by 3 factors which are interests, control and motivation. Employers have to balance these factors in order to maintain a productive working relationship. Employment relationship works like any other relationship, commitment is required from both sides. In this case the employer and employee need to have a form of understanding and objectives need to be in common. This is not impossible therefore both sides agree upon a mutual decision however interests can be opposed and have done so in the past. A recent example of this would be British Airways. British Airways (BA) have successfully operated for the past 90 years however disputes between management and cabin crew may still have occurred. After suffering the recent loss due to the recession, BA decided to make some changes in order to survive in the competitive market. These changes were aimed at workers, especially the cabin crew, BA were to cut jobs and make relevant changes to employees working conditions, in order to make up for the fewer passengers during and since the recession. This has resulted in a trade union called Unite representing 12,000 crew members, stepping in again st this decision upon employees call for help. The situation has spun out of control and BA employees have threatened to take action in form of a strike lasting more than 10 days therefore a big loss for BA, with up to 650 flights operating everyday which is 80,000 passengers, the cabin crew are at the root of the business and can force BA to cease operating, un... ...ship. (Lecture notes) Darlington, R. (2010). Managing the employment relationship.. (Lecture notes) Darlington, R. (2010).Trade Union Regulation of the Employment Relationship. (Lecture notes) Foot M , Hook C (2008). Introducing Human Resource Management. 5th ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. 11-14,35-56,90-98. Kane B, Palmer I. (1995). Strategic HRM or managing the employment relationship?. International Journal of Manpower. 16 (5/6), 6-21. Milmo, D. (2010). BA cabin crew hold back on strike date amid hope of deal. Available: http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/feb/25/ba-staff-delay-strike-date. Last accessed 25 February 2010. Nowicki M , Summers J. (2003). The benevolent autocrat: is it the right fit for the times? By now, most managers have hung their autocratic management style in the back of the closet . Healthcare Financial Management. 1 (1), 1. Human Resource Management Essay -- Business HR The Employment relationship is the only reason public and private limited organisations work effectively. The Employment relationship is a fragile tie between an employer â€Å"management† and employee â€Å"worker†. This relationship can be affected by 3 factors which are interests, control and motivation. Employers have to balance these factors in order to maintain a productive working relationship. Employment relationship works like any other relationship, commitment is required from both sides. In this case the employer and employee need to have a form of understanding and objectives need to be in common. This is not impossible therefore both sides agree upon a mutual decision however interests can be opposed and have done so in the past. A recent example of this would be British Airways. British Airways (BA) have successfully operated for the past 90 years however disputes between management and cabin crew may still have occurred. After suffering the recent loss due to the recession, BA decided to make some changes in order to survive in the competitive market. These changes were aimed at workers, especially the cabin crew, BA were to cut jobs and make relevant changes to employees working conditions, in order to make up for the fewer passengers during and since the recession. This has resulted in a trade union called Unite representing 12,000 crew members, stepping in again st this decision upon employees call for help. The situation has spun out of control and BA employees have threatened to take action in form of a strike lasting more than 10 days therefore a big loss for BA, with up to 650 flights operating everyday which is 80,000 passengers, the cabin crew are at the root of the business and can force BA to cease operating, un... ...ship. (Lecture notes) Darlington, R. (2010). Managing the employment relationship.. (Lecture notes) Darlington, R. (2010).Trade Union Regulation of the Employment Relationship. (Lecture notes) Foot M , Hook C (2008). Introducing Human Resource Management. 5th ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. 11-14,35-56,90-98. Kane B, Palmer I. (1995). Strategic HRM or managing the employment relationship?. International Journal of Manpower. 16 (5/6), 6-21. Milmo, D. (2010). BA cabin crew hold back on strike date amid hope of deal. Available: http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/feb/25/ba-staff-delay-strike-date. Last accessed 25 February 2010. Nowicki M , Summers J. (2003). The benevolent autocrat: is it the right fit for the times? By now, most managers have hung their autocratic management style in the back of the closet . Healthcare Financial Management. 1 (1), 1.

Discrimination and Social Care

1 M2,D1 Unit 2 Equality diversity and rights in health and social care M2 Assess the influence of a recent national policy initiative promoting anti discriminatory practice D1 Evaluate the success of a recent initiative in promoting anti-discriminatory practice In this criterion there will be an assessment on a recent national policy initiative and the way it promotes anti- discriminatory practice in health and social care. Individual’s rights within a health and social care setting include having access to services and medication.Services should not unlawfully discriminate service users due to their race, gender, disability, religion, belief, or sexuality. Another right of an individual within health and social care is being treated with respect and dignity. No matter what the persons circumstances are when using health or social care services they should always be treated fairly and with respect defiantly if they are in a vulnerable state. Communication is also another right of an individual.Every health and social care setting should have trained professionals who know how to convey effective communication to avoid assumptions and discrimination. As the patients or service users should feel comfortable talking to the staff and know what is happening to them or further plans. For example in a hospital setting once a patient has come out of a big operation a staff member should be able to effectively communicate with them and inform them of all the information that is needed to be given to them.Translators should also be part of any health and social care organisations or easily contacted. All the rights of individuals are included within the Humans Right Act (1998) and they should be applied to the fullest with no contradictory. National policy initiatives National policy initiatives are Laws put together by society rather than the government. They reduce and sometimes stop marginalisation and promote the rights of individuals, whilst meeting their nee ds.The promotion of anti-discriminatory practice is done through the national policies by targeting areas where it is needed. For example the Human Rights Act (1998) and the Disability Discrimination Act (2005), both address anti-discriminatory practice in different ways by ensuring that individuals are treated with respect and dignity and all there other rights are received 2 when being supported by health and social care settings. Every Child Matters (2003) The national policy initiative that will be assessed is Every Child Matters (2003).The aim of this national initiative is to extend services to improve children's life chances and help them with life time problems. This policy highlights the need for services, including schools and social workers and health professionals to work more closely to protect and support the needs and rights of all children. Eight-year old Victoria Climbie died from hypothermia on 25 February 2000 after months of sustained abuse at the hands of her fo ster-carer and Great Aunt, MarieTherese Kouao and her partner Carl John Manning.Victoria visited health and social care settings many times during her being abused and she was complete discharged with no member of staff questioning her marks on her arms and legs and how she broke her leg. Also due to her race she had dark skin colour and therefor bruising was not as apparent. The poor 8 year old went through complete torture and abuse for many years of her life and the health and social care services failed her so many times.Following Victoria’s death, the Home Office and the Department of Health invited Lord Laming who is very well known to work with social services and child protection came to a conclusion that there had been to many deaths of young children who have suffered abuse and completely been neglected by the health and social care services. Lord Laming’s report stated that Victoria’s death had been entirely preventable 12 key occasions were identifie d where services could have successfully interfered to prevent Victoria coming to further harm.The 12 key occasions missed consisted of poor decision-making support for front line workers; and failure to share information within and between agencies. This is where multi agency working became more well-known and the every child matters policy (2003) was released with all the enquiries of lord laming which mainly consisted of the services working as a team and making sure that the health and social care settings make sure all assessments are done thoroughly.The Every Child Matters Policy (2003) was formed through lord lammings enquiries and was closely related to the Children’s Act (2004). Through lord lamming this policy and legislation are able to protect children like Vitoria Climbie and the other cases such as Baby P. The Every Child Matters Policy (2003) promotes anti 3 discriminatory practice in many ways but the five main aspects are the: healthiness Stay safe Enjoy and Achieve Make a positive contribution Achieve economic wellbeing The first assessment of this national initiative policy is the development of healthy lifestyles in children.The holistic approach is used in promoting health to adolescents and children as the following are looked at: physical, sexual health, exercise, controlling personal stress and having self-esteem. Mental and emotional health are two that are very important in promoting anti discriminatory practice within health and social care as they both are the main focus to what influences an individual’s behaviour and well-being. The next assessment is the safety of children this policy provides. The every child matters policy helps in ensuring that children stay safe from harm.For example abuse in any form including discrimination, marginalization and disempowerment. This also includes all health and social care settings to make sure they follow the child protection legislation and criminal records bureau (CRB) check s for all staff in health and social care setting as they work with the most vulnerable of people. Protecting young people from bullying, harassment and other forms of discrimination is vital as it can have major effects on the child’s future life.Around 1 in 2 children are effected by bulling during school and do unfortunately under achieve and sometimes even turn to suicide (bullying statistics 2009: online). The child matter policy help in promoting anti discriminatory practice in health and social care organisations to keep a clear understanding on how to stop bulling and train staffs in following legislations, policies and procedures to help and reduce forms of bullying and harassment within all different aspect sexual, physical or verbal. Achieving economic well-being is also included in this policy.It also helps in promoting anti –discrimination by helping children grow good teamwork qualities that will stop them from not only discriminating but also stop others from discriminating. The influence of this policy allows settings like schools to prepare children for the skills and knowledge needed for employment and for living economically independently. It also helps children in developing self- confidence again 4 promoting anti -discrimination as the person being discriminated at can build a good relationship with themselves to prevent them from being effected by the discrimination which could lead to low self- esteem and isolation.This assessment proves to have very positive outcomes on young children as it helps them be trained for the bigger world and allows them to see how they can get good carers and be financially competent. It also includes allowing children to be able to access opportunities for work experience and work-based learning to help them again for the future. On another assessment the child matter policy also includes the importance of children enjoying education and training, and the extent to which children make progress with regard to their learning and their personal development.The influence of this aspect has major promotions to anti-discrimination as it educates children in understanding the wrongness of discrimination and how it is unacceptable in society. This also helps children in later life to have a better quality life as the children will feel as though they have achieved something and this can stop children in underachieving schools to simply by making sure that they are enjoying their lessons. This also reduces abscesses and overall improves assessment levels.Teaching children to safeguard them from abuse and neglect can also have a very positive outlook as it is very unfortunate that t not all abuse are recognised and does not stop them either for example the baby p case. Also according child help 2012: online about 30% of abused and neglected children will later abuse their own children, continuing the horrible cycle of abuse. This is the reason to prompting ways children have to ps ychologically overcome the battle of abuse. Also anti-discrimination can be promoted through a wide curriculum including in teaching children in many different cultures religions value and beliefs.Education is a major promotion in anti-discrimination and health and social care settings can support it by allowing staff to be open mind when approaching children in whatever they do. For example when a teacher is to teach a lesson they should make it fun and exciting that will help the learner be more positive about what they are being taught and actually enjoy it. Advocacy this is usually for the most vulnerable of people therefore this policy uses advocacy to makes sure that the rights of children are given to them in any circumstance.However the advocate needs to make sure they do not start to 5 talk and express themselves through their prospects but rather the individuals. This is also part of being an empathetic professional. Many children do need advocates as they are sometimes un aware of the issues going on around them. For example if a child is experiences discrimination from a teacher they may not see it as discrimination and not do anything about this is where an advocate can help. Advocates can also help children to be involved in planning their care and support with regards to their wishes, hopes and dreams.Every health and social care setting needs to have in place policies and procedures that are followed one by the legislation or acts. All health and social care professionals need to abide by the policies and procedures of the organisation to make sure they meet their role in the appropriate way by following the regulations. The every child matters policy does promote this in there regulations and support every employer in doing so. This is done through efficient training and experience. This is part of the professional’s rights to be allowed to have the training that they may need during their practice.This assessment does not only link with the ever child matters policy but all the other national policy initiatives. It has a great influence on the service users as the policies and procedures are mainly made for their benefits and safeguarding the individuals within the practice. The final assessment on the every child matters policy is the promotion of children’s welfare. This is linked to ant discrimination in many ways as it looks at ensuring every child has an equal opportunity no matter where they are from to achieve the best possible development they can.Some children may have been deprived of opportunities and assistance in early life due to their background or money issues within the family. This policy helps in problems like that and provide free services for people who cannot afford it also the promotion of anti-discrimination is done through this by allowing a whole range of different children from different ethnicities, religions and overall values come together to gain the same skills and experience s that can be used latter in their adult lives. D1 in evaluating the every child matters policy there are many strengths and weaknesses.Evan though it is a document from the government green paper there are still improvements made. 6 A strength of the every child matters policy is being able to promote antidiscrimination is through clear learner centred development strategies. A central aim of education in citizenship and personal development is to enable pupils ‘to become more self-confident and responsible in and beyond the classroom. For example behaving in a polite and respectful manner and also picking up litter. This is a promotion of anti-discriminatory practice as young children are taught on how to respect and care for people.For example telling the children that every race, religion and age is the same and they should all respect each other. Also this is strength in implementing anti-discriminatory practice as citizenship lessons educate children in very important li fe skills such as political and public life. it also educates children in situations where they are vulnerable to abuse and how to get help quickly and safely. For example a stranger taking a teenage girl out to a meal is one of the first steps to rape or even gang rape.Education is the strength seen in the lesson provided for students called citizenship as Hannah Richardson a reporter on BBC news states that there are chances of citizenship lessons to become non-mandatory however it has proven to be a great lesson and made some students truly flourish (2010: online) Strength of the Every Child Matters policy is that it also provided a good initial advice and guidance through this policy. Another strength that links to the citizenship lessons is the wide range of curriculum enhancement activities for learners.For example educational visits in and out of the country, musical art at lunch times similar to sports and extra curriculum activates such as work experience and working enterp rise day are all good ways in promoting anti-discriminatory practice within schools as it again educates students on a wide range of ideas rather than what they just read from text books. For example taking student to Auschwitz in Poland to learn the horrifies of the concentration camps rather than reading it from a text book allows them to see how far discrimination went and how it killed up to 4. million people according to The nizkor project (2011: online) Allowing students to experience and see rather then read and hear can make them more passionate about the whole subject. For example world war 2. A third strength of the Every Child Matters Policy in promoting anti discriminatory practice in health and social care is the different health and social care services 7 working together. Also known as multi agency working. Multi-agency working provides benefits for children, young people and families because they receive tailormade support in the most efficient way.The main positive parts in multi-agency working that help in promoting antidiscriminatory is through early identification and intervention which would have again helped previous cases such as Victoria Climbie and baby P. Easier or quicker access to services or expertise is another part of what makes the multi-agency working more sufficient and can save children from situations in time to spear their lives. This also promotes anti-discrimination as it does not marginalise children in poverty it is an overall strategy to help all children.Overall multi-agency work creates a better quality of service whether the child is using the hospital; dentist or a social worker the different agencies and professionals putting their work together gives a higher chance of the child being in safe hands. However there is also weakness seen in multi-agency work that differ the effects of promoting anti discriminatory practice. For example challenges for workers of creating new professional identities in the growing com munities Of practice in other words professionals become confused in where they stand within the agency.This can cause negative behaviour and in some cases lead to discriminatory practice completely defeating the purpose of promoting anti discriminatory practice. For example if hospital agency joins with a social care agency there may be tension between what each member of staff is eligible to say to the rest of the group and where they are higher than the social workers as there manager or below them. Another weakness of, multi-agency work is the professionals background and form of language.As many health and social care professionals use jargon that suits there profession for example medical jargon for move a limb or some other body part away from the midline of the body would be abduction and ABG – arterial blood gas reading. Certain abbreviation can cause difficulties in promoting anti discriminatory practice in the setting as other agencies may feel that they are not be ing told in full of the case. For example social workers may not understand medical jargon and therefore feel that there agency is being left out and not considered.Weakness seen of the education stream the every child policy enquires went there where positive but there also stands negative or weakness that where seen. Evan 8 though Ofsted did believe that the curriculum was boosted by citizenship OFSTED (2012: online) some students felt that they did not want to do the subject as they had heard most of it before. As an eight-year-old said recently, â€Å"It‘s so boring when they keep telling you that making the world a better place means picking up litter and not killing whales‘. BBC News (2012 online) again anti-discrimination is not seen to be prompted if the pupils feel that they do not want to do citizenship as it will benefit them in the least possible way. Also this will lead to an effect of discrimination known as disempowerment as the children may feel they are not given a choice in what they want to and do not want to learn. Overall this criterion has shown the assessments and evaluations of a national policy initiative which is the every child matters policy (2003) that are mostly linked to the Human Right Act (1998).The practices mentioned are very important to be fulfilled in a child’s life for them to have a positive outcome in the adult life. The Human Right Act is the central for health and social care settings. As employers need to be aware of them in any situation to protect all patients and service users of health and social care. Bibliography Edexcel (2011) Unit 2 (online) available at: www. edexcel. com/Pages/Home. aspx accessed 13/02/2012 Stretch. B and Whitehouse. M (2010) Edexcel health and social care level 3 Essex person education limited.Accessed 15/02/2012 Department of education (2012) every child matters: change for children (online) available at: www. education. gov. uk/publications/standard/publicationdetail/ page1/ DfES/1081/2004 accessed 13/02/2012 The Excellence Gateway Treasury (2012) Every Child Matters (ECM) (online) available at: http://archive. excellencegateway. org. uk/page. aspx? o=167914 accessed 12/02/2012 Sen Help advice and info (2011) Every Child Matters (online) available at: www. specialneedshelp. co. k/about-every-child-matters accessed 13/02/2012 Bullying statistics (2009) welcome to bullying statistics (online) available at: 9 www. bullyingstatistics. org/ accessed 13/02/2012 NSPCC (2011) statistics (online) available at: www. nspcc. org. uk/inform/research/ statistics/statistics_wda48748. html accessed 14/02/2012 BBC News (2003) Victoria Climbie: chain of neglects (online) available at: http:// news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/uk/2700427. stm accessed 14/02/2012 BBC new (2010) teachers fear for future citizenship lessons. (Online) available at: online www. bbc. co. uk/news/education-11502537 accessed 14/02/2012 10

Critical Analysis of a Passage from Homer’s The Odyssey Essay

I. This passage comes very early in the Telemachy and it is wholly descriptive. The first point of interest is the arrival of Athene to Telemachos’ home in Ithaca. Disguised as Mentes’, leader of the Taphians and an old friend of Odysseus. Telemachos is the first to greet Athene as it would appear all the servants are busy working for all of the suitors. The main part of the passage is Telemachos trying to offer traditional guest hospitality customs but also attempting to keep the guest from the overbearing, rowdy suitors â€Å"For himself, he drew a painted bench next her, apart from the others, the suitors, for fear the guest, made uneasy by the uproar, might lose his appetite there among the overbearing people† 1.131-35. II. The first point to note is Telemachos clear effort to observe the hospitality customs to the best of his ability despite the mitigating circumstances of the suitors’ invasion of his home. He appears to be trying to lavish his guest with the best he has and what has been left to him, after the suitors’ abuse of his home and possessions â€Å"the chair splendid and elaborate†, â€Å"For himself, he drew a painted bench† 1.131 and 32. This is obvious here in what he offers his guest and what he takes for himself. Another example of the theme of hospitality we see is evident in these lines â€Å"golden pitcher†, â€Å"silver basin† and â€Å"polished table† 1.136 and 37. Only the finest for his guest. Now what has been clear leading up to this passage and the context of Book 1, is the encroachment of the suitors’. Telemachos does not want to make his guest uncomfortable, but concurrently has another motive for leading Athene/ Mentes’ away from the raucous of the suitors â€Å"and so he might also ask him about his father† 1.135. Even after 2o years of his father’s absence, Telemachos is still holding onto the hope of hearing news of his father, despite the general belief of his people that his father is dead. Nevertheless, given the desperate situation Telemachos and Penelope are in, this hope is understandable. One important feature to be aware of is the author’s heavy use of nouns and epithets â€Å"overbearing people†, â€Å"absent father†, â€Å"grave housekeeper† and â€Å"haughty suitors† 1.34, 35, 39 and 44. He uses words such as overbearing, absent and haughty, to convey the feelings and behaviour of the characters and also the current situation in just a few words. III. Overall, Book 1 sets out the story with some background given. It sets the tone and the mood in the Telemachy as quite sombre and desperate for Odysseus’ family at home awaiting any news of their loved one. It also puts forward an almost desolate need for Odysseus’ return home. The passage itself is a clear example of the theme of hospitality that is a predominant feature of Books 1 – 4. It contrasts Telemachos’ observance of the hospitality customs with the suitors of abuse of these customs.